![]() However, from a phonetic viewpoint, English and Dutch are alike in their opposition of pairs of long (tense) and short (lax) vowels, in which members of a pair differ (prototypically) in both quantity and quality. In most dialects of English vowel duration is not considered contrastive, though vowels vary in their “intrinsic” durations ( House, 1961 Chomsky and Halle, 1968 Hillenbrand et al., 2000) and duration varies depending on context, as will be discussed in more detail below. Finally, Dutch unlike English speakers have been reported to be reluctant to exaggerate the duration of short vowels to convey emphasis in child-directed speech ( Dietrich et al., 2007). Also, Dutch orthography, in contrast to English, clearly marks durational oppositions, as in maan (“moon”) and man (“man”), rules that are very familiar to literate Dutch adults. In phonological descriptions Dutch is considered to maintain a featural vowel duration contrast, principally because of the rules that depend upon it: For example, the diminutive suffix takes a different form after a short ( -etje than after a long-vowel syllable ( -tje Moulton, 1962 Booij, 1995). Dutch and English, the languages we examine here, are less clear cases. In other languages, such as Spanish, phonological vowel distinctions are not signaled by duration. In some languages, such as Japanese, vowel duration is described as contrastive: Several pairs of vowels are distinguished from one another almost entirely by duration. To compare your F1 and F2 values to mine, click here to see my answers: F1 and F2 values for stress vowels in Spanish Once you’ve compared your answers to those below, you will use your measurements to plot vowels in the next section.Vowel duration depends on speaking rate, stress, and utterance position, among other factors ( Klatt, 1976). Since F1 and F2 values will vary depending upon the exact location you select in the vowel, the values listed below may vary somewhat from your answers. We will check our answers once everyone is finished. This chart is also included in your handout or you can simply write the values in your notebook. SP stressed vowels male mono.wav 3.2 Activity: Measuring formantsįor this activity, measure the values of F1 and F2 of the vowels in bold below and plot them in the following chart. In order to complete the exercises for this section, you should download the following sound file: 2.0 Video: 3.0 Materials and Activity: 3.1 Sound file to download: For this section, you will learn what formants are and how to measure formants in a language in order to plot vowels. By measuring vowel formants, specifically Formant 1 and Formant 2 (or F1 and F2) we can pinpoint approximately where the vowel is produced in the mouth. The frequencies at which these black bands occur are different in the /a/ vowel than they are in the /e/ vowel, for example. These black bands are what determine the phonetic quality of the vowel. When you examine a spectrogram in PRAAT, you can see a series of dark black bands that run through the vowels. Unlike consonants, vowels have energy at many frequencies. Formants represent several prominent bands of frequency or energy that is measured in hertz. Whenever you are analyzing or documenting a language, you have to analyze the vowel system and in order to understand the vowel system of any language, you have to know what formants are.
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